METAPHYSICS

Aristotle

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METAPHYSICS

by Aristotle

translated by W. D. Ross

Book I

1

ALL men by nature desire to know. An indication of this is the

delight we take in our senses; for even apart from their usefulness

they are loved for themselves; and above all others the sense of

sight. For not only with a view to action, but even when we are not

going to do anything, we prefer seeing (one might say) to everything

else. The reason is that this, most of all the senses, makes us know

and brings to light many differences between things.

By nature animals are born with the faculty of sensation, and from

sensation memory is produced in some of them, though not in others.

And therefore the former are more intelligent and apt at learning than

those which cannot remember; those which are incapable of hearing

sounds are intelligent though they cannot be taught, e.g. the bee, and

any other race of animals that may be like it; and those which besides

memory have this sense of hearing can be taught.

The animals other than man live by appearances and memories, and

have but little of connected experience; but the human race lives also

by art and reasonings. Now from memory experience is produced in

men; for the several memories of the same thing produce finally the

capacity for a single experience. And experience seems pretty much

like science and art, but really science and art come to men through

experience; for 'experience made art', as Polus says, 'but

inexperience luck.' Now art arises when from many notions gained by

experience one universal judgement about a class of objects is

produced. For to have a judgement that when Callias was ill of this

disease this did him good, and similarly in the case of Socrates and

in many individual cases, is a matter of experience; but to judge that

it has done good to all persons of a certain constitution, marked

off in one class, when they were ill of this disease, e.g. to

phlegmatic or bilious people when burning with fevers-this is a matter

of art.

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