Seas of Plenty: Maritime Trade into England and Wales, c. 1400-1540

The welcome we extended was often less than cordial, but two dozen of our ports, some cosmopolitan and now vastly enriched, others tiny, rudimentary but now among our best-loved holiday resorts, enabled our people to consume – largely in return for English wool and woollen cloth – almost whatever we craved. The Continent could bring us such items from the farthest reaches of Europe and beyond, leading eventually to the growth of our own trading fleet and a sense of self-reliance across our island nation.

Being England’s trading partner in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries was to ride an economic rollercoaster, to face off against pirates and squabbling navies, and to suffer appalling shipwreck, all in the teeth of a heavy swell of ingratitude. But trade was vital, and it went on regardless. This is how we stocked the larder – and in doing so became a maritime power.