Competition and Coexistence
Ulrich Sommer ¡ Boris Worm
āĻĄāĻŋāĻā§ ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§¨ ¡ Ecological Studies āĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻĒ 161 ¡ Springer Science & Business Media
āĻāĻŦā§āĻ
223
āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻž
reportāĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻā§°ā§ āĻĒā§°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻā§°āĻž āĻšā§ā§ąāĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻ  āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ
āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ā§
The question "Why are there so many species?" has puzzled ecologist for a long time. Initially, an academic question, it has gained practical interest by the recent awareness of global biodiversity loss. Species diversity in local ecosystems has always been discussed in relation to the problem of competi tive exclusion and the apparent contradiction between the competitive exclu sion principle and the overwhelming richness of species found in nature. Competition as a mechanism structuring ecological communities has never been uncontroversial. Not only its importance but even its existence have been debated. On the one extreme, some ecologists have taken competi tion for granted and have used it as an explanation by default if the distribu tion of a species was more restricted than could be explained by physiology and dispersal history. For decades, competition has been a core mechanism behind popular concepts like ecological niche, succession, limiting similarity, and character displacement, among others. For some, competition has almost become synonymous with the Darwinian "struggle for existence", although simple plausibility should tell us that organisms have to struggle against much more than competitors, e.g. predators, parasites, pathogens, and envi ronmental harshness.
āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻā§°āĻ
āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻžā§° āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻāĨ¤
āĻĒāĻĸāĻŧāĻžā§° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻžā§ąāĻ˛ā§
āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžā§°ā§āĻāĻĢâāĻ¨ āĻā§°ā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ
Android āĻā§°ā§ iPad/iPhoneā§° āĻŦāĻžāĻŦā§ Google Play Books āĻāĻĒāĻā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻˇā§āĻāĻ˛ āĻā§°āĻāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻžā§ąā§ āĻāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻžā§° āĻāĻāĻžāĻāĻŖā§āĻā§° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§°ā§ āĻāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯'āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ āĻ¤'āĻ¤ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ
āĻĄāĻŋāĻ
'āĻŦā§āĻ āĻ
āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĨ¤
āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻāĻĒ āĻā§°ā§ āĻāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžā§°
āĻāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžā§°ā§° ā§ąā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻāĻžā§° āĻŦā§āĻ¯ā§ąāĻšāĻžā§° āĻā§°āĻŋ Google PlayāĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻž āĻ
āĻĄāĻŋāĻ
'āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻš āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦ āĻĒāĻžā§°ā§āĨ¤
āĻ-ā§°ā§āĻĄāĻžā§° āĻā§°ā§ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ
Kobo eReadersā§° āĻĻā§°ā§ āĻ-āĻāĻŋā§āĻžāĻāĻšā§ā§° āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻšāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻŋāĻŦāĻ˛ā§, āĻāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻž āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻ˛ āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻ˛âāĻĄ āĻā§°āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻžā§° āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§°āĻŖ āĻā§°āĻŋāĻŦ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻŦāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽā§°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ-ā§°āĻŋāĻĄāĻžā§°āĻ˛ā§ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§° āĻā§°āĻŋāĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ā§°āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻāĻž āĻ¸āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻ¨āĻŋā§°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻžā§ąāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĨ¤
