The Ethiopian Famine of 1984-1985: International Response and the Impact of Drought and Civil Conflict

The Ethiopian Famine of 1984-1985 was a catastrophic event that left an indelible mark on the country and the world. Its origins are complex, shaped by a combination of environmental, political, and socio-economic factors. To understand the famine, it is essential to examine the historical and climatic conditions that set the stage for this disaster.

Ethiopia's geography and climate have always made the region vulnerable to periodic droughts, and these climatic conditions played a critical role in the 1984-1985 famine. The country is located in the Horn of Africa, a region prone to irregular rainfall and long dry periods. The 1984-1985 famine was preceded by several years of drought that severely impacted the country's agricultural production. The lack of rain led to crop failures, and the country's reliance on subsistence farming meant that many rural populations were unable to feed themselves. The loss of staple crops such as maize, teff, and sorghum caused widespread food shortages, making the situation more dire.

In addition to the environmental factors, Ethiopia's agricultural practices also contributed to the severity of the famine. Traditional farming methods, which had been practiced for centuries, were often inefficient and poorly adapted to the changing climate. The reliance on rain-fed agriculture, coupled with limited access to irrigation or modern farming technology, left farmers vulnerable to the effects of drought. Soil erosion, deforestation, and inadequate land management further exacerbated the situation, reducing the land's ability to produce enough food for the population.