Allergology: Allergies and Their Impact: The Science behind Reactions

Allergies are an overreaction of the immune system to substances that are typically harmless to most people. These substances, known as allergens, can include food, pollen, dust, pet dander, insect venom, and certain medications. When an allergic individual comes into contact with an allergen, their immune system mistakenly identifies it as a threat and triggers a defensive response. This response can range from mild symptoms, such as sneezing or a skin rash, to severe and potentially life-threatening reactions like anaphylaxis.

The immune system plays a central role in allergic reactions. Normally, it defends the body against harmful pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. However, in individuals with allergies, the immune system misidentifies allergens as dangerous invaders. The primary component involved in allergic reactions is Immunoglobulin E (IgE), a type of antibody that binds to specific allergens. This binding signals immune cells, such as mast cells and basophils, to release histamine and other inflammatory chemicals, leading to symptoms like swelling, redness, itching, and respiratory distress.

Allergic reactions are classified into different types based on the mechanism and timing of the immune response. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions occur within minutes of allergen exposure and are mediated by IgE. These reactions include hay fever, asthma attacks, and food allergies. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions, on the other hand, take several hours or even days to develop and involve different immune pathways, such as T-cell activation. Contact dermatitis, a reaction to certain chemicals or metals, is an example of a delayed allergic response.