Women of the Russian Revolution: The Shaping of a New World

The social and political landscape of Tsarist Russia at the turn of the 20th century was one marked by deep inequality, stagnation, and widespread dissatisfaction. For centuries, Russia had been ruled by an autocratic monarch, the Tsar, who held absolute power over the empire. The majority of the population, particularly the peasantry, lived in dire poverty, while a small elite enjoyed immense wealth and privilege. This stark divide was a significant source of tension that set the stage for revolutionary change. The Industrial Revolution had begun to affect Russia later than other European nations, but even as it spread, it primarily benefited the elite and left the working classes facing poor conditions and exploitation in factories and urban areas. In rural areas, serfdom was officially abolished in 1861, but the peasants remained burdened by debt and land shortages.

Amidst these hardships, the role of women in Russian society began to shift. While women had limited rights and were expected to fulfill domestic duties, they also became increasingly involved in social and political movements. The emergence of a growing working class, combined with early industrialization, led to the formation of women’s rights groups. These women sought better working conditions, education, and legal rights. Many were influenced by the ideas of Marxism and socialism, which gained traction in Russia during the late 19th century, advocating for a more egalitarian society.