Women of the Maya World: Knowledge Keepers, Rulers, and Healers

The Maya civilization, one of the most advanced societies of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, flourished in the lowland regions of present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador. Known for their sophisticated writing system, advanced mathematics, astronomical observations, and impressive architectural feats, the Maya created a culture that lasted for over two millennia, from the Preclassic period (2000 BCE to 250 CE) to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century. Within this vibrant world, women held roles of considerable influence, shaping the cultural, social, and political landscapes of their communities.

The Maya society was complex and multifaceted, with various city-states and kingdoms existing simultaneously, each with its own rulers, traditions, and governance systems. Despite the male-dominated narratives that often highlight the grandeur of kings and warriors, women played essential roles in the Maya world, contributing to the intellectual, spiritual, and political spheres. This chapter seeks to provide an overview of the Maya civilization, highlighting the foundational aspects of Maya society that were integral to women’s roles, and setting the stage for a deeper exploration of their contributions.

Maya civilization was deeply rooted in a worldview that integrated religion, politics, and social life. The Maya understood their universe as being composed of several interconnected realms, including the underworld, the earthly plane, and the heavens, all of which were governed by gods and ancestral spirits. Religion was integral to everyday life, and rituals, often involving the participation of both men and women, played a crucial role in maintaining cosmic balance. Women were often central figures in these religious practices, as priestesses, shamans, or ritual leaders, and their spiritual power was seen as necessary for the prosperity and stability of the community.